A note to Martyn

GUESS WHO'S FINALLY FINISHED HER BLOG? 

THIS GIRL THAT'S WHO.

:)

such a beautiful sight tbh

Recording Income and Expenditure

When you're freelancing, you act as your own boss and the accounting side of things can get a bit messy so it's always an A+ idea to keep track of what's coming in and what's going out of your (in my case, perpetually EMPTY) wallet. A great way to get a handle on this is to document it using a spreadsheet. That way you can see everything easily and quickly and if you ever have to prove a payment or service you can just refer back to your records.

Records of income and expenditure are just for you so you can lay them out however you want, but I've done mine with a billion subcategories because that's just how I roll.

INCOME SPREADSHEET

EXPENDITURE SPREADSHEET

(These are all completely made up, especially the parts where I claim to have worked with Victoria's Secret, Madeline Brewer, a fictional character and the goddess herself. A GIRL CAN DREAM.)

My Invoice

Here's my invoice for a Bridal make-up!

(I used Petunia Dursley because hers is the only address I know as well as my own tbh)

Invoices

Invoices are basically just receipts. If you think of them that way they make a whole lot more sense.

Every invoice needs to feature the following things:

• Your name 
• Your company's name
• Your logo
• Your address
• The customer's name
• The customer's address
• Details of the products/services you supplied
• THE WORD "INVOICE" (otherwise it isn't an official invoice)
• The invoice number
• The total cost due
• Terms of payment

whack all of these things onto a spreadsheet and email it to your client and voila! you've just sent an invoice like a professional. Well done you.

When it comes to pricing, you're gunna want to add up all the products you've used, any travel expenses, your hourly rate as a MUA on whatever job it is you're doing, and then add 15%.
So the maths should look like this:

(Products + Travel + Time) + 15% = Total Cost

My Risk Assessment

Scenario:

I have been employed as a Make-up Artist to run a face painting stall at a school fete.

Risk Assessment

As we all know, sometimes in life shit happens and there's nothing you can do about it except go home and cry into your family-sized tub of Ben&Jerry's (all hail). But what if shit happens when you're on a job? Well we've already talked about insurance and health & safety, but another helpful (and tedious) thing that fits into that bag of fun is making a risk assessment.

A risk assessment is basically a paper version of that girl in the horror movies who points out absolutely everything that could possibly go wrong but then does it anyway. 

The aim of a risk assessment is to find any and every possible health & safety hazard, or anything that could happen to make the day run less than smoothly, and then plan a way to combat them. Basically, you're planning for a worst case senario and then making sure you've got everything covered so you can save the day if it happens. 

Every school/college/uni/work trip you've ever been on has been risk assessed. It's an integral part of event organisation and health & safety just can't be overlooked, really.

So how do I make a risk assessment?
Well, dear reader, the first step is to identify the following factors:

• the type and scale of the event
• the type and size of the audience
• the location of the event
• the time, date and duration of the event

 Once you've identified these factors, you can start to determine a safety plan.

There are tonnes of examples and templates online and I've chosen to use a template from the Health and Safety Executive website to create my risk assessment for a facepaint at a school fete.

My Cover Letter

Dear Sir/Madam,

Please find enclosed my CV in application for the post advertised on StarNow.com.

I am currently finishing my second year of university studying Media Make-up, and have been learning to use a wide variety of techniques, products and materials. This course involves independant work as well as group assessments, and requires a great deal of creativity, initiative and self-motivation. 

I love working in a team to design and apply creative make-ups and I think I'd be perfect for this job as A&E and casualty FX make-ups are my favourite and I have really enjoyed creating them in the past. I have recently worked with a group of Forensics students and performers from a local Performing Arts Academy to create a car crash scene for an assessment where the students have to collect evidence from the crime scene and analyse their findings to ascertain the victims' cause of death. It was a very enjoyable experience as I got to create a facial prosthetic for a wound caused by a shard of glass becomming embedded in the victim's eye, which I found quite challenging but highly rewarding.

I think I'd be a valuable addition to any make-up team as I am a highly energetic and passionate Make-up Artist, and I pride myself on my attention to detail and realism. I am a very determined individual and I strive to always work to the best of my ability and challenge myself wherever possible. I should be very greatful for the opportunity to work on a short film as it has been something I have been interested in for a long time now. I know I am able to take on the responsibility of this position and have the enthusiasm and skill to ensure that I make a success of it. 
Thank you for taking the time to consider my application and I look forward to hearing form you in the near future.

Yours Sincerely,
Rebecca Sweeney

Cover Letters

I've already made a post about CVs but this one kinda goes hand in hand with it to explain what the heck a Cover Letter is and why you need one 

(the post about CVs is the hella long one with a ton of screencaps and it has a buncha tips and explanations about what a CV is and how to make one. You don't have to read it before this one but it might help to make things feel a tad less jumbled. My organisational skills are at a firm zero so this whole blog is in a weird order but you're just gunna have to DEAL WITH IT)

If your CV is the skeleton, your Cover Letter is all the fat and skin that smushes on top of the bones to make you nice and squishy and good to hug. It shows potential employers what you're like and gives them a more detailed look into your qualifications and employment history. It also helps show them your writing style and personality better than your CV.

Your Cover Letter should be about a page long, no longer, and be very clear and easy to read. It needs to answer the question "Why should I give you an interview?" 

A good Cover Letter is split into around 5 or so paragraphs, each with a different role:

1st Paragraph: Opening paragraph. Explain why you are writing the letter. It's also helpful to mention how you found the job (through an advert on the internet, etc)
2nd Paragraph: Explain why you are suitable for the job. Briefly summarise your qualifications and past jobs. Only include those which are relevant to the job.
3rd Paragraph: Emphasise what you can do for the company and explain your career goals (dream job, specific opportunities/experiences you're interested in, etc).
4th Paragraph: Reiterate your interest in the job and why you'd be suitable for the position. It's also a good idea to mention that you'd like to meet the employer for an interview.
5th Paragraph: Closing Paragraph. Sign off with "Yours sincerely" and your name.

Make sure you reread your Cover Letter a few times and thoroughly spell-check it so there aren't any silly mistakes or misspellings.

RELEVANT LEGAL AND STATUTORY FRAMEWORK WHEN PRACTICING MAKEUP

To put it simply, there aren't any.

If you want to practice the art of Make-up, you just can. There aren't really any legal requirements. It would definitely help to get insurance for yourself as an artist and also for you kit just in case (god forbid) something gets stolen/lost/broken. You also need to make sure you document all your transactions between clients so that you, and the taxman, can get a good handle on what's going on regarding your finances.

Make-up Artist Insurance

Everyone who owns their own business and it therefore responsible for themselves and their work NEEDS INSURANCE. You don't actually need to be insured but it would be super dumb not to because if someone got hurt or something got broken/lost then it would all be on you and you'd probably have to pay out a lot of money which would suck.

SalonGold.com

justhairbeauty.co.uk

GoCompare.com

Differences between Salaried and Self-Employed

The majority of Make-up Artists work freelance, which is basically like being self-employed. Freelance means that you get paid based on each job you work instead of having a set monthly pay check, and it has it's pros and cons just as salaried work does.

Make-up Artists' salaries vary greatly from job to job or company to company but (as an example) an average Make-up Artist, working on a TV drama, would expect to earn about £210 per 10-hour day

Here, have a handy dandy colour co-ordinated list:

Salaried work

PROS

- regular, steady income
- don't have to advertise yourself (which saves money)
- don't have to send invoices to clients for payment
- don't have to actively seek out jobs/clients
- kit costs may be covered
- no accounting required

CONS

- paid less than self-employed work
- harder to find a permanent place as a make-up artist
- harder to get your own style and talents noticed if you work in a team
- don't get to choose which projects you do
- you can get fired 

Self-employed/Freelance work

PROS

- can do very well-paid jobs
- can decide which projects to take on
- generally get payed more than salaried work
- get to be your own boss
- travel opportunities


CONS

- always need to look for your next job
- need to chase clients up for money
- need to do your own accounting and finances
- only get paid when you're working a job
- need to advertise yourself which could be expensive

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH)

HEALTH AND SAFETY TIME

COSHH (or "Control of Substances Hazardous to Health") is a legislation (fancy word for "law") put in place to ensure the protection of people working with chemicals or other such substances which could cause them injury or illness. This legislation involves different ways to make sure that you're working in a safe environment. These include:

• Identifying the possible health hazards of your working environment
• Making risk assessments to decide how to prevent accidents and harm to health
• Providing control measures to ensure the risk of harm to health is as low as possible
• Providing Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) e.g. safety goggles, gloves, aprons and suitable protection for skin/clothing
• Taking measures to avoid spillages and promptly cleaning them up if they happen
• Practicing good hygiene 
• Planning for emergencies, having a clear plan for fires/chemical spillages/etc

Health hazards come in many forms, included but not limited to:

- Chemicals/hazardous substances

- Fire

- Electrical appliances 

- Sharp objects

- Loose clothing/long hair

- Bags/clothes/items on the floor that could be tripped over

- Spilled liquids

- Heated appliances 

- Gas

- Contagious conditions/infections/diseases

- Allergies

So how does this apply to me/other practicing Make-up Artists?

Well, COSHH and other Health and Safety legislations apply to everyone, as accidents happen every day and some can be very serious and lead to physical and/or mental harm, damage of property and financial loss.

Make-up is a very varied industry and involves a lot of products, locations, processes, costumes, and materials which could pose serious threat to health and safety. 
Straighteners could be too hot, a client could have an allergic reaction to something, things could fall from shelves, A CRAFT KNIFE COULD BE PLUNGED INTO SOMEONE'S NECK, someone could even trip over their own laces in the studio. 

In the words of Chloe Stothard: "Don't stick pins in your model!"

Trade Unions and Creative Industry Bodies

Trade Unions and Creative Industry Bodies are groups of workers who join together to support each other in and out of the workplace. They focus on making sure their personal rights and needs are met and that they are treated with equal and fair treatment. They provide workers with individual support, representation and advice, as well as many opportunities to develop themselves personally and professionally through courses or experiences. Every worker has the legal right to join a union if they wish and can not be treated differently for their decision to become a member.
To join a Trade Union, you just talk to the union rep in your workplace and ask about memberships. They can also give you advice about which union will be best for you.


The perks of being part of a Trade Union/CIB include:

• better sickness and pension benefits
• more holiday/flexible working hours
• the opportunity to develop yourself through courses
• up to a third more pay (if you are young)
• fair treatment regardless of race/gender/age/sexuality
• fair treatment of migrant and domestic workers

I researched a few Trade Unions and Creative Industry Bodies specific to Make-up Artists and found the following organisations which offer different benefits:

BECTU

- Enrichment courses and Learning Projects
- Discounts on film tickets in London
- Legal advice and representation regarding copyright 
- Death benefit
- Grants to members in financial difficulty
- Hearing healthcare
- Public liability insurance
- Freelance/Small Business insurance
- Job-finding services
- MAC pro members can get an extra 35% discount on products
- Press passes
- Consultations on tax


APHAMA

- Free product training courses

- Use of the APHAMA logo

- Professional make-up courses

Where to Advertise

As a freelance Make-up Artist, advertising is very important to make sure you get your name/brand known and available for possible clients and jobs. 

Ways of Advertising include:

- TV 
- Radio
- Newspapers/Magazines
- Flyers/Leaflets
- Business cards
- Art shows
- An online portfolio/website
- Blogs, Forums and Chatrooms
- Accounts on social media sites like Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest and Instagram

As an example, I had my work for the last End Of Year Show published in the Swindon Advertiser (local newspaper) and on their website. They included a picture and information about the show itself as well as other people's work and interviews.

Initial logo designs

A logo is a picture (which can include or conist solely of text) which sums up your brand/company or yourself and makes you instantly identifiable. Most companies put their logo on everything; their products, their invoices, their website, etc etc so it's a good idea to take some time and try out a bunch of different designs to make sure you find one you're happy with. 
I find it super hard to sum up who you are as a professional into one little graphic so I started making some simple designs based on my name and my initials.
There are very few things I know I want in my logo and these are:

• My name or initials (except if I used my initials I'd want to use my full name because otherwise my logo would be a giant 'BS' and to quote Syndrome from the Incredibles "you understand why I couldn't go with that" (yet another perfect quote filed under "things I didn't understand when I watched the movie the first time but that now make me aggressively snort-laugh")
• My job title (Make-up Artist or MUA, whichever looks nicer)
• A good, striking colour palette which includes either Green or Orange (or both as long as it doesn't look like sick) because those are the colours I associate most with myself

So these are a few designs I came up with, following that criteria:

 I really like how this one flows and it's very simple yet striking, which I think makes it very effective. However, I have never in my life been called, referred to myself as, or even answered to "R-J" so I don't think it reflects me very well at all. Also, the name I put on all my make-up pages,portfolios and whatnot is "Bex Sweeney" so I think I should really design some things which use that as the name. 

That being said, it is a nice design and can be used in a ton of different ways so I played about with it for a while and created different takes on the same design.

I think this design is much more suitable for me but it's a bit plain. I used different fonts for my name and my job because I thought it made it look more creative that way while still remaining professional. I like how clean and simple this one is but I don't think it's artsy enough for me. I think I'd be okay with it if I only did beauty or theatrical make-up and not the crazy artistic make-up that I love. I think I'd like to incorporate the text into my final logo design but make it a bit messier and more clearly art-based.

Make-up Artist Job Advertisements

I searched online for Make-up Artist Jobs and I came across a few that sounded promising. I tried to get examples of jobs from different branches of the make-up industry to show how varied the job opportunities can be for make-up artists. 

Here are three examples of job advertisements for Make-up Artists that I have found:

Job #1:

 Job #2:

Job #3:

How I made the best CV you've ever seen...

This section of the brief was actually super handy because, as anyone who knows me will undoubtedly know, I am very very bad with money, and am often flat bloke but I have somehow managed to survive my way through the last two-and-a-bit years without a job.
However, my brilliant plan to live off of my student finance and not have to get off my arse to work and contribute to society in any way met a slight hitch when Martyn (yes, I'm blaming you for this) organised a trip to New York, which cost us £300 each. So for the first time in an impressively long time I found myself looking for a job and being faced with the task of... *dramatic music*

~CREATING A CV~

Now, as you may have guessed by my earlier post (where I quite literally copied and pasted an essay I'd already written for a different assessment into a blog post because it applies to this one as well) I like shortcuts. So I sat down with my bezzie mate Google and started looking for CV tips, guidelines and templates. A couple of clickidy-clacks on the keyboard later and LO AND BEHOLD, I came across this badboy:

This babe of a website (www.livecareer.co.uk/) helps you create a CV from scratch and has a whole bunch of different templates, tips and tricks to make it as easy as possible. I know I'm sounding a bit like a salesperson here but it really is pretty damn brilliant and I'd definitely recommend it to anyone who's struggling with making a CV.

Right, first things first, what's a CV?

CV stands for "Curriculum Vitae" and the Google definition states that it is: "a brief account of a person's education, qualifications, and previous occupations, typically sent with a job application." (See, me and Google, man; BFFs) So basically, a CV is a document, usually about a page long, which shows your grades in school/college/university (depending on how far up the educational ladder you are), any past work experience or jobs you've had, your contact information, and a little bit about you. 

The reason some people (myself included) find writing CVs quite difficult/uncomfortable is because you're basically telling someone how amazing you are and why they should employ you right this second because you're everything they've been looking for all wrapped up with a ribbon on top. Without sounding like a total asshole, of course, else they definitely won't employ you, just saying. You want to find a nice balance between "please hire me I need money and I want to work here" and "YOU LITERALLY COULDN'T DO ANY BETTER THAN ME; I'M A GIFT FROM GOD." I can't help but to go to one extreme or the other when I write CVs so this website was dead helpful for me because it showed me how to make myself look as desireable as possible from an employer's point of view without trying to convince them that the sun literally shines out of my arse.

 So the first thing you do on your quest to write a kickass CV is to determine what kind of job you're looking for. This helps you make sure you only include relevant information and leave out the useless bits which will just take up space. However, if you're like me and you're  looking for literally any job you can get because you're so incredibly poor oh my god, you'll want to make your CV fairly standard and not focus too much on one specific subject. A good idea is to draw attention to the skills you have which could help you in a whole bunch of different situations and show that you're a super well-rounded person.

On our lord and saviour LiveCareer.com, you start by filling in the easy stuff. Your name, address, contact info, that kinda stuff, and it looks like this:

Literal babe website LiveCareer even gives you little tips and definitions to help you with each step which, as well as being super cute, is dead handy when it comes to the summary and skills parts. This part really isn't challenging at all and takes like two seconds so let's move on.

The next section is the dreaded SUMMARY part and your new BFF LiveCareer suggests skipping it and then going back to it once you've finished everything else, which I wholly support because summing your entire being into a few employer-pleasing sentences is quite literally terrifying and requires some mental preparation.
(At least it does for me, idk how it is for you, I'm not here to reflect my personal issues onto you, dear reader*, just to pass this class)

 * Hey Martyn, how's it going? Go get a cup of tea you wonderful man, you deserve it for reading this far tbh

I survived this section by following these simple steps:

Step one: Read through the nice, comforting tips

Step two: Abandon this section and continue to fill out the rest of the CV

Step three: Begrudgingly return to this section and reread the tips

Step four: Have an identity crisis 

Step five: Browse through the examples and steal the ones that are at all applicable to me 

Step six: Profit

BEHOLD, WHO I AM AS AN EMPLOYEE CONDENSED INTO JUST TWO SENTENCES. LET'S MOVE ON TO THE NEXT SECTION.

This part is the bit where you brag about all the things you're good at.

Genuine angel from internet heaven LiveCareer has a whole buttload of tips to help with this stage so it isn't that bad.

These next few steps are fairly self-explanatory so I'll just whiz through them and show you what they look like :)

Past Jobs you've had:

School/College/Uni grades. 

Interests:

And last but not least, your references. 

This is the part where you sweet talk your amazing, beautiful, caring, and all around wonderful business teacher/style icon/father figure Martyn to write you a super nice reference explaining how lovely and amicable and hard working you are if any future employers contact him to find out what you're like to work with and whether or not they should hire you.

The last step is to double check everything, pick a nice template that you're happy with and print that baby off. 

And that's how I made the best CV you're ever seen.

You're welcome.

My CV

Details on where and how I made this beautiful CV in my next post :)

Business Cards

We've all seen those eensy weensy cards with a business' name and contact info chilling on reception desks or being handed out left right and centre by some legit lawyer dude who has like a million of them and keeps them all in a little silver box in the inside pocket of his suit jacket, BUT, these business cards are different. They're different because they're for make-up artists, and that means they're actually interesting and not just a boring white card with some tiny Times New Roman print on it.

Business cards are a really handy way of promoting yourself or your business because you can give them out to people yourself and they have all your contact details on them so people can get in touch with you. They're also cool because they're (supposed to be) individual and specifically designed to represent you/your business, so it's a really good way to make a first impression to any potential clients. Business cards say "I'm a professional" and are much more likely to make people take you seriously.

I searched the vast and ever-helpful internet to find a website which allows you to design and order your own business cards and I came across www.vistaprint.co.uk almost instantly. I knew of it because I'd seen adverts for it on TV and on Facebook (A+ advertising right there) and used it to create a few Business Card designs of my own using their wide range of templates. 
(These are all just cropped screenshots of ones I tried on vistaprint. Obviously, if I was going to use them for real I'd fill everything out duh) 

Design 1: 
I really love the colours in this design but I'd prefer it if instead of "Panache" it had either my name or my company (when/if I have one) in the same text and colours. I like that the text is in the centre and then either side at the bottom because it has a nice contrast and balance which I am ALL ABOUT.

Design 2: 
This design feels really smooth and artsy to me which I really dig because I want my business card to reflect the creative aspect of my make-up. I also really like the colour scheme and how the background isn't actually black, but a super cool dark slate kind of colour because that makes it look extra contrast-y without being too harsh and it feels more professional than if it was in black.

Design 3:
I saw this design and instantly loved it because it looks like a watercolour sunset and it's really striking and beautiful. I'd love to have this as my business card but I don't really think it says "Make-up Artist" so I'm not sure. I think I'd incorporate the colours but make it look like spilled lipgloss or powders.

Design 4:
This design literally pushes you to the ground and screams "MAKE-UP" in your face so it's definitely a contender. I love the layout and how dynamic it is. I'd probably use my own picture of a make-up I've done (probably with some form of green colour in it) and link the colour scheme to it like this one has done with the purple eyeshadow. Also I have no idea what's join on with that lightening bolt in the corner... no relevance.

Design 5:
I really like this one because it's super cute and is also easily recognisable as a Make-up Artist's business card because of the lipstick smears. I'd probably change the colours around a bit because (apart from my hair) I'm not a really pink person and this wouldn't really represent me as an artist.

Design 6: 
This design is really simple, which I like, but the text is all off to the right hand side a bit too much for my liking. I think I'd like it more if it was in the centre, even if the lower text was still in the right hand corner. There's just something about the placement and font of that title that rubs me the wrong way. I really love the texture of the smear in the background but, again, I'd probably want to change the colours.

Design 7: 
This is an example of a business card design that I don't like that much at all. It might be down to the font, or the colours, or just the picture but it looks a little amateur to me in that it's dead dramatic but not in an appealing way?? Idk, maybe it's just me, but I don't like it.





Design 8:
This design is crazy plain and simple because it's actually a template of the back of a card. I chose to add this one to this post because I really like the picture and how it's laid out. I think I'd like to make the main text which has my name on it a lot bigger and maybe in a different font too because that squished square font just bugs me.

My Client Database

Et Voilla! My database of everyone I have ever worked with/for as a make-up artist:

Databases like these are super handy to have because they help you keep a record of who you have worked with/for and it has all their contact information in case you need to get in touch with them again for future work, invoices, queries, and all that jazz. (guess who's got the entire Chicago soundtrack on repeat right now) I've made mine fairly simple but you could make it a lot more complex and add details about what project you worked on with that person, or even details about how they were to work with so that you know in the future whether or not they're a difficult client ;)

Don't mind me, just blatantly and unapologetically cutting corners for the sake of my sanity ;)

Hair and Make-up throughout history

In this essay I will be discussing how hair and make-up for both theatre and film has changed over time. I will be looking at the basic characteristics of each and how they have progressed and improved from their beginnings to the present day. I will also be looking at the major developments in hair and make-up for theatre and film, and how events of the past have affected modern hair and make-up techniques, application and products.

Make-up has been used to aid actors or performers while they entertain their audiences since the 5th Century BC when it was introduced into theatre as a way to draw attention, hide imperfections, age actors and create characters.
When it is used in theatre, make-up acts as a tool to help enhance an actors' features, portray emotion or to bring the character to life. Before make-up, actors would wear masks with hair attached to convey their characters' personality, occupation, age and emotion. These masks would be changed many times during the performance according to the storyline and the characters' emotions. This quickly became impractical and make-up was used as an alternative.
As it will be only seen from a distance, theatre make-up is usually very heavily applied and dramatic. All the definition and shape must be bigger and bolder so that it is still visible from the audience. Fine details need to be exaggerated or else they will be lost and may make the face look dirty or confusing. Theatre make-up must also be very simple because of the time limits and budgetary restrictions that come with each performance. A great benefit to working with theatre make-up is that it does not need to be perfect or identical night after night as, most of the time, the audience is completely different each time.
Film make-up, however, needs to be precise and flawless as it will be recorded and any mistakes will be seen by the audience. Continuity is very important within film make-up because sometimes scenes of a film are shot in a different order or on different days and the actor must look eactly the same each time, so 'continuity shots' are taken to document exactly how the make-up looked so that it can be recreated perfectly each time.
Prosthetics are used in both film and theatre make-up but they are designed and applied very differently. In theatre, a prothetic needs to stand out and alter the actor's appearance in an obvious and instantly noticable way. Whereas, in film, a prosthetic must look as organic as possible and alter the actor's appearance in a clear but natural-looking way. The application process must be very fast in theatre due to the time limits and possible costume changes, so they need to use an adhesive like prosaide which can be applied and removed quickly, safely and painlessly.  It must also be very strong so that it will keep the prosthetic in place throughout the entire performance despite the actor sweating due to hot stage lights and energetic choreography. In film, however, the application process can be very extensive and time-consuming as long as the end result is perfect and consistant. Adhesives such as spirit gum are favoured as they are extremely strong and can be removed and cleaned using surgical spirit ready for use the next day.

Theatre make-up was first used in theatre in Ancient Greece, when Thespis painted his face with white lead and wine, before then masks were used to portray characters. It progressed as time went on and actors found other things to use such as flour or chalk, coloured pastes, soot and false beards made of lamb's wool.
Originally, candles and oil lamps were used in theatres and this meant that the make-up didn't have to be perfect as the lights weren't very bright and the shadows they cast would help make the actors' faces look more dramatic. When electric lights were introduced, the make-up had to change dramatically because the lights would wash out light colours and make the actors look pale, so heavier, darker products became necessary
Along with the changes to the lighting, another major development for theatre make-up is that sometimes the more popular productions, such as Wicked or Les Miserables, are being filmed to show at cinemas, so the make-up must work for both theatre and film. Finding a balance between these two styles of make-up can be very challenging and cause some looks to be redesigned so that they are less exaggerated but can still translate well to a theatre audience.

When make-up was captured on film for the first time in the 1900s, it looked very different to how it does nowadays due to the fact that it had to be appropriate for black and white film. This meant that the make-up was often very strong and dark, because otherwise it would not translate well onto the screen. In the 1920s, Max Factor released a foundation 'pancake' exclusively for use in film and television, as it was not as thick and mask-like as the greasepaints used in theatre.
With evermore realistic HD cameras, the make-up used on film has had to adapt to very close-up filming which catches every detail and leaves very little space for mistakes. Another change that film make-up has had to adapt to is the rapid growth of the cinema or television screens that show more detail than ever and require perfectly flawless make-up application as every pore and wrinkle on the face is clearly visible and larger than life.
As modern technology is becoming more and more advanced, things like HD and 3D televisions are very common and the film make-up industry has had to strive for absolute perfection within their make-up, prosthetic application and products. Lighter, more easily blended 'HD foundations' have been in high demand, as any caking or streaking will be instantly visible on screen. As well as 3D, modern film uses green screens and CGI to create visual effects, and anamatronics or digital animation make films even more visually stunning than ever. This means that a lot of the work that the make-up artists have to do is limited or involves mechanics and digital construction which needs additional training and practice.
During the 1940s, rationing due to the war meant that make-up was very hard to come by and not typically worn by women because it was seen as unpatriotc to spend time on your own appearance instead of working to maintain the farms and factories while the men were away fighting. This impacted film and theatre make-up because products were less accessable and any standard 1940s female characters, especially "land army girls" would have to have neutral make-up to be historically accurate.

Hair plays a big role in theatre and film, especially in stories such as Hairspray or priscilla queen of the desert where the wigs are very large and outrageous. For film and television, the actors' own hair is often styled accordingly and can be touched up or restyled between takes, which means it can be constantly checked and monitored for continuity. Also, the advantage to using the actors' own hair is that it looks as natural and believable as possible. Wigs are sometimes used in film to create a character or if the actors' hair cannot be used. These wigs are different to the wigs used in theatre, however, because they will be shown in great detail and must therefore look realistic and believable, so they are much finer and lighter, and are most commonly made using human hair. In theatre, however, wigs are often made using synthetic hair and do not need to look as realistic. They are often thicker, larger and more dramatic than wigs used in film because they will be see from a distance and need to stand out.
Wigs have come a long way from their beginnings in early theatre, where they were often made with horsehair or wool and felt coarse and unnatural. Nowadays, theatres use "hard-fronted" wigs, which means that they don't have any lace at the front of the head to make the hairline look natural. Hard-fronted wigs are often machine made and do not look very realistic up close because the hair falls in a different way and makes it look solid and dense, rather than light and healthy like human hair. These wigs are perfect for theatre, however, because they only need to be seen from a distance and they are often dressed with added hairpieces, padding or frames to create large over-the-top shapes and styles.
Nowadays, wigs used in theatre are dressed before the performance and maintained until they need to be worn by the actors. This ensures that they are pristine and consistant show after show, and that the hair does not get damaged between productions. Wigs in theatre are also often made so that they can be worn by different people in case the understudies need to perform instead of the usual actors and the wigs will still fit well and be secure. They are also made to be as quick easy to apply and remove as possible due to the very tight time limits and various costume changes between scenes. There are usually multiple wigs for each actor, as back ups in case one is damaged, and even more if the actors' character requires costume changes throughout the production, so most of the work that the hair and make-up team in theatres have to do is based around prepping, dressing and maintaining the wigs. Background characters or members of the chorus usually don't wear wigs because they are not as visible and don't need to look perfect because they won't be seen from the audience.

In film, hair needs to look completed and appropriately styled while staying true to the time period or genre.
Viewers nowadays are more likely to complain about continuity or realism issues so the hairstyling team needs to make sure that all the hairstyles are accurate and perfect from scene to scene, to avoid complaints; as opposed to in the past, when small errors could be overlooked and wouldn't distract the audience as much. One solution to the continuity issue is to use extremely life-like wigs for the actors to wear. These wigs can be dressed and styled before shooting and can be adjusted more quickly and easily than the actors' natural hair because they can be removed and styled on blocks.
A major development in film hair has been the introduction of lace-fronted wigs, which look realistic and feature natural-looking hairlines. They are also often made from human hair and can therefore be styled with heat with minimal damage to the hairs. These wigs are often created specifically for certain actors and are made to measure, using a wig template. This ensures that the wig will fit correctly and none of the actors' natural hair will show through, so it looks as believable as possible and will look good close up and in HD or 3D film.
Fashion and hairstyles of the past greatly affects hair for theatre and film, as research into specific time periods and their trends is of paramount importance if a film or production is to be historically accurate. This affects the products and tools that hairstylists can use as well as the techniques they need to learn to achieve believable and accurate styles, because certain effects would not have been able to be created in certain eras, for example crimpers would not have been available in the 1950s and straighteners would not have been used in the Georgian era.

Hair and make-up has changed a lot over time, due to cosmetic and technological advances and I believe it will continue to change and improve in the future with the ever expanding products that are available now. I think that in the next 10 years, the tools, products and techniques that we use to create hair and make-up styles for film and theatre will have improved greatly and it will be possible to create even more visibily striking and inspiring characters and stories.

Bibliography:
Unknown. (Unknown). The Answer by High Definition Hair. Available: http://www.theanswer4you.org/theproducts.htm. Last accessed 8th Feb 2014.
Kittrell, L. (2009). History of Stage Make-up. Available: http://laurenkcreativity.blogspot.co.uk/2009/04/history-of-stage-makeup.html. Last accessed 8th Feb 2014.